During the Renaissance, artists revived the use of perspective. One reason for this is that these artists did not use perspective-a technique that gives a painting a sense of depth by making the background look farther away than the foreground. Even the greatest painters of the medieval period did not make their portraits and landscapes look exactly like people and places in the real world. Religious themes and symbolism were very common, and little effort was made to paint realistically. Islamic art influenced mosaics and calligraphy. From the Byzantine Empire came many religious icons, painted on wood. In Ireland and Britain, Celtic influences, like the use of detailed braiding, brought designs from metalworking into painting and illumination, resulting in works like the Book of Kells. Portraits became less individualized, and anatomy became less realistic. In the early Middle Ages, the technical quality of painting declined from the ancient Roman period. This would eventually contribute to the rise of the Renaissance in southern Europe and subsequently in northern Europe. However, the depopulation caused by the plague allowed survivors to gain wealth. The transition from the late Middle Ages to the Renaissance was gradual. In fact, the population of Europe did not reach pre-plague numbers again until the 1500s. It killed about a fourth of Europe's population. This highly contagious disease struck European cities again and again during the second half of the 1300s. The famines were followed by a terrible disease called the bubonic plague, or the Black Death. In the 1300s, a series of famines struck Europe. Europeans developed Romanesque and Gothic architecture, new types of music, and great literary works. As a result, the arts and literature began to flourish. As a result, agriculture benefited, and people became better fed and healthier.īecause many people had their basic needs taken care of, some individuals began to devote more time to the arts. By the 1000s and 1100s, many of the world's most famous universities, such as the University of Oxford in England, were well established.ĭuring the High Middle Ages, the climate of Europe was a little warmer than usual. As Europe began to transition into the High Middle Ages, which included the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, the Church opened the first universities in Europe. During the next several hundred years, Europeans gradually started to reclaim some of the learning of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Then around 800, Europe began to slowly rebuild its societies. Meanwhile, they scrambled to stabilize their politics and population. In just a few hundred years, Europeans forgot or lost much of the wisdom and advances of antiquity. During the early Middle Ages, the population of Europe decreased and technology declined.
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